Super power station
来源：本站 点击：37 时间：2022-03-10
In early spring, at the border of Sichuan and Yunnan provinces, in the narrow and deep valley of the Jinsha River, a towering arch dam stands tall. This is the world's second largest hydropower station - Baihetan Hydropower Station. As of 12:59 pm on February 17th, the Baihetan Hydropower Station has accumulated a safe production of 20 billion kilowatt hours of green electricity, equivalent to reducing standard coal consumption by 6.24 million tons.
Nowadays, out of the six giant cascade hydropower stations constructed and operated by China Three Gorges Corporation (hereinafter referred to as "Three Gorges Group") upstream of the Yangtze River, including Gezhouba, Sanxia, Xiangjiaba, Xiluodu, Baihetan, and Wudongde, five of them have entered the top twelve hydropower stations in the world. This means that the Yangtze River Basin has become the world's largest clean energy corridor, providing a continuous source of green power for high-quality economic and social development.
How was the world's largest clean energy corridor built? What benefits do these super hydroelectric power plants play? Recently, our reporter conducted an interview.
Six cascade hydropower stations are connected in a string
Strolling through the left bank power plant of the Three Gorges, at the end of the line of sight, a bright five-star red flag hangs on the high wall. Accompanied by flashing lights, 14 700000 kilowatt hydroelectric generators are operating to generate electricity.
The Three Gorges Dam, which has 32 giant units, can generate over 100 billion kilowatt hours of electricity annually. It is the backbone power source for China's "West East Power Transmission" and "North South Mutual Supply", and also the commanding height of hydropower in the world. But it is not the starting point for the construction of the world's largest clean energy corridor.
In December 1988, at the mouth of Xiling Gorge in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River, the "first dam of the Yangtze River" - Gezhouba Hydropower Station, which was built in the early 1970s, was fully completed and put into operation, officially opening the prelude to the large-scale utilization of clean energy in the Yangtze River and accumulating valuable experience for the construction of the Three Gorges Project.
Six years later, the construction of the world's largest hydroelectric power station, the Three Gorges Dam, officially began.
Due to the insufficient domestic manufacturing level at that time, when the bidding for the Three Gorges Left Bank Power Plant units was conducted, China introduced 14 700000 kilowatt giant units for the first time through international bidding.
Surprisingly, foreign technology is not fully adapted to the actual situation of the Three Gorges Dam, and the Three Gorges builders immediately began to study it.
Hard work pays off. After nearly a month of argumentation and discussion, the builders of the Three Gorges have finally found a solution. At that time, we were very anxious. This experience made us realize that we must have our own manufacturing technology for water turbines, "said Li Zhixiang, former deputy director of the Three Gorges Power Plant.
The distance from the Three Gorges Left Bank Power Station to the Right Bank Power Station is only over 1 kilometer, but the level of research and development of hydroelectric generating units has surpassed a 30-year gap.
Li Zhixiang told reporters that among the 12 units of the Three Gorges Right Bank Power Station, 8 are domestically produced units with higher independent intellectual property rights, and the localization level of the 6 units of the underground power station is even higher. In July 2012, the Three Gorges Dam with a total installed capacity of 22.5 million kilowatts was completed, successfully raising the utilization level of hydropower resources in the Yangtze River to 10 million kilowatts for the first time.
China's hydropower is located in the southwest, while Southwest hydropower is located in Jinsha. With the completion of the initial goals of water storage, navigation, and power generation in the construction of the Three Gorges Project, Three Gorges Group began to advance towards the Jinsha River.
In June 2014, the Xiluodu Hydropower Station with a total installed capacity of 13.86 million kilowatts was fully put into operation for power generation; In July of the same year, the Xiangjiaba Hydropower Station, with a designed installed capacity of 8 units and a total installed capacity of 6.4 million kilowatts, was fully completed and put into operation; In June 2021, the world's seventh and China's fourth largest hydropower station, Wudongde Hydropower Station, was fully put into operation for power generation.
Now, the Baihetan hydropower station, which has the highest construction difficulty among the four major hydropower stations on the Jinsha River, has entered the final sprint stage. On January 18th, the rotor lifting of the last million kilowatt hydroelectric generator unit of Baihetan Hydropower Station was completed. It is expected that Baihetan Hydropower Station will be fully put into operation and generate electricity before July this year.
"From the Jinsha River to the Yangtze River, six cascade hydropower stations are in a string, which is a well deserved national weapon. The high-quality and cheap clean energy they export will produce huge ecological, social, economic and other comprehensive benefits, casting a 'new card' of China's hydropower." Wang Hao, an academician of the CAE Member, said.
Data shows that after the Baihetan hydropower station is fully put into operation, the total installed capacity of the six hydropower stations on the main stream of the Yangtze River will reach 71.695 million kilowatts, with an average annual power generation of about 300 billion kilowatt hours, equivalent to reducing carbon dioxide emissions by 249.6 million tons per year.
Cascade hydropower stations have a large total power generation capacity and strong peak shaving ability, playing an important role in optimizing the energy structure, maintaining stable operation of the power grid, and promoting energy conservation and emission reduction. Li Peng, Director of the Three Gorges Cascade Water Resources Department of Three Gorges Corporation, told reporters that the next step will actively promote the optimization and upgrading of existing hydropower stations, and strive to contribute more clean energy security to the country.
Independent innovation forges a great national treasure
In fact, the rise of the world's largest clean energy corridor is also the path of independent innovation for major hydropower equipment from "Made in China" to "Created in China".
The Wudongde Dam, with a height of 270 meters and a total concrete pouring volume of 2.7 million cubic meters, is currently the thinnest 300 meter ultra-high arch dam in the world.
The difficulty of its construction lies first and foremost in temperature control during the pouring of large volume concrete, "said Yang Zongli, director of the Wudongde Engineering Construction Department." No dam, no crack was once a "nightmare" lingering in the hearts of water conservancy professionals around the world. "The hydration reaction of cement in concrete generates heat, and if effective temperature control measures are not taken, cracks are inevitable
To solve the problem, material selection is the key.
To solve the world-class problem of cement cracking, the builders of Wudongde conducted multiple rounds of screening on concrete raw materials, ultimately creating a precedent in the history of world dam construction - the entire dam was poured with low heat cement concrete. Unlike ordinary cement or medium heat cement, low heat cement has low heat generation and features "slow temperature rise, small temperature rise, and high comprehensive crack resistance", which helps prevent dam cracks from occurring.
Low heat cement is also known as the 'antipyretic medicine' for dams. As early as during the construction of the Three Gorges Project, we began researching low heat cement. Through continuous experimentation and improvement, we achieved full dam application for the first time on the Wudongde Dam, truly building a 'seamless dam', "said Yang Zongli.
While pursuing material innovation, the world's largest clean energy corridor is also making strides in intelligent construction.
In the construction of Xiluodu Hydropower Station, technicians conducted research and application of key technologies for the intelligent construction of a 300 meter high arch dam, and developed an intelligent arch dam construction and operation information platform (iDam). This shared, collaborative, and interactive business platform manages 3496 safety monitoring instruments, 4723 concrete thermometers, and 24000 meters of temperature measuring optical fibers, effectively supporting on-site production management.
Thanks to the information platform, Xiluodu has a smart 'brain', and the technical personnel who construct and manage the dam can always understand its' headache and fever ', make dynamic adjustments in a timely manner, and keep the dam in a' healthy state ', "said Fan Qixiang, a professor level senior engineer who participated in the construction of Xiluodu Hydropower Station and former deputy general manager of Three Gorges Group.
Moreover, relying on intelligent construction, the super hydropower station continuously optimizes and improves construction technology, constantly enhancing construction quality and efficiency.
Taking the intelligent water control system as an example. In past hydropower construction projects, artificial cooling was often used for concrete cooling, and the temperature control accuracy was not satisfactory. Nowadays, intelligent water supply systems can intelligently adjust water flow rate, temperature, and time through temperature sensing instruments, and provide personalized temperature control online. Dot your phone and all the parameters are clear at a glance. Engineers only need to check the system on time, which is very convenient, "said Wang Wei, director of the technical management department at Baihetan.
The nine story platform starts from the accumulated soil. In recent years, Chinese equipment manufacturing enterprises have gradually mastered the key core technologies for the overall design and manufacturing of large-scale water turbine units by participating in the development of 700000 kilowatt units for the Three Gorges Project and taking the path of "introduction, digestion, absorption, and innovation".
For example, the development difficulty of a single unit capacity of one million kilowatts generator set at Baihetan Hydropower Station can be described as the "peak of the world's hydropower". The rotating components of the unit are composed of tens of thousands of parts, weighing 2600 tons, and a single unit can generate nearly 17000 kilowatt hours of electricity per minute, "said Wang Xiaojun, the on-site representative of the Baihetan Project Department of Dongfang Electric Group.
From 700000 kilowatts in the Three Gorges, to 800000 kilowatts in Xiangjiaba, from 850000 kilowatts in Wudongde, to 1 million kilowatts in Baihetan, these super hydropower stations have witnessed the upgrading of China's hydropower units. "Yang Zongli proudly said that currently, China's" bottleneck "technology in the hydropower field no longer exists.
Starting from the Three Gorges and ending at Baihetan, we have achieved nationwide production of hydropower equipment through independent design, manufacturing, intellectual property rights, and important raw materials. We have made a leap from 'following' and 'running together' to finally 'leading', "said Lei Mingshan, Chairman of Three Gorges Group.
Corridor formation benefits the local people
The most critical function of the world's largest clean energy corridor is to serve as an important project for "West East Electricity Transmission", delivering green energy to the eastern region. But as a national treasure, the social benefits of super hydropower stations are not limited to this.
The social benefits of cascade hydropower stations primarily lie in flood control. Currently, the total flood control capacity of the world's largest clean energy corridor has reached 39.2 billion cubic meters, effectively improving the flood control standards of important river sections. "Li Peng gave an example, saying that the flood control standard of the Jingjiang River section has been raised from once every 10 years to once every 100 years, and the flood control standard of the Chuanjiang River section has been raised from about once every 10 years to no less than once every 50 years.
In recent years, facing challenges such as the construction and operation of multiple new reservoirs in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River and sudden changes in drought and flood at the end of the flood season, Three Gorges Group has relied on its independently developed water resources management decision support system to scientifically carry out joint scheduling of six reservoirs, coordinate and coordinate the work of cascade hydropower stations in terms of subsidence and flood control.
In September 2021, due to heavy rainfall, the inflow of water from the upper reaches of the Yangtze River, including the Mintuo River, Jialing River, and the Three Gorges area, increased, resulting in the formation of the "first flood of the Yangtze River in 2021". With the help of the decision support system, we accurately predicted and formulated a flood control plan one week in advance, "said Tang Zhengyang, Deputy Director of the Yangtze River Power and Water Resources Research Center of Three Gorges Group. During the flood process, four cascade hydropower stations including Wudongde blocked 4.243 billion cubic meters of flood control, and the Three Gorges hydropower station blocked 7.46 billion cubic meters of flood control, with a maximum peak shaving rate of over 50%.
The hydropower cluster will definitely increase the overall power generation, and we are currently working together to tackle the problem, "said He Wei, Secretary of the Party Committee of the Baihetan Project Construction Department." The water that cannot be accommodated due to abundant rainfall is called floods, but with so many cascade power stations, floods have become valuable power generation resources
Since ancient times, the Jinjiang River has not been accessible by boats, and the water is fast and the sky is high. For thousands of years, the blockage of transportation has been one of the stubborn problems that have led to the sluggish economic development along the Jinsha River. After the completion of the Baihetan Hydropower Station, the four cascade reservoirs in the lower reaches of the Jinsha River have a cumulative length of about 612 kilometers in the perennial return water area. After the implementation of dam overturning and transportation facilities, the "Panzhihua Shuifu" entire river section can be connected by water and land transportation, creating conditions for the construction of a comprehensive three-dimensional transportation corridor.
At the same time, during the dry season, the world's largest clean energy corridor has cumulatively replenished over 34 billion cubic meters of water downstream, increased the water depth for shipping in the middle and lower reaches by 0.9 meters, improved the navigation conditions of the "golden waterway" of the Yangtze River, and effectively ensured the downstream demand for spring plowing and production and domestic water.
As a booster for promoting the construction of the Yangtze River Economic Belt and coordinated regional economic development, the advantages of the world's largest clean energy corridor, such as large investment, strong driving force, and huge comprehensive benefits, are gradually emerging.
For example, the Baihetan hydropower station not only improved the infrastructure conditions such as transportation and communication in the surrounding areas, but also added about 80000 jobs to the local area during the peak construction period of the hydropower station. After all units are put into operation, it can increase local fiscal revenue by 2.9 billion yuan annually, becoming an engine for promoting local economic and social development.
People who used to live by the water have also moved into their new homes and lived a good life due to the construction of Baihetan.
Cut off the tips of the corn leaves, splice several broken leaves together, hold them in her hand, scoop up a large spoonful of fermented rice slurry, and quickly put them into a steamer... Every afternoon, She Gangyan, who currently lives in Qili Resettlement Area, Qiaojia County, Yunnan, works tirelessly in her rented storefront. In our area, making corn cake is a specialty. Moving to a new home, this craft cannot be stopped, "She Gangyan said happily.
I actually had the idea of opening a store and doing business a long time ago, but I didn't have the conditions in my hometown. Moving to a resettlement area gave me the opportunity to fulfill my dream, "said She Gangyan. She makes rice cakes every afternoon and sells them wholesale the next morning." Now my life is more stable and my income is higher. It's really a good time
The world's largest clean energy corridor also bears the significant responsibility of conserving and restoring the ecological environment of the Yangtze River Basin. To effectively protect the water environment, Three Gorges Group has built pollution prevention and control systems and sewage treatment systems in the reservoir area, and established a corresponding water ecological monitoring system for real-time observation and feedback in the lower reaches of the Jinsha River. In 2021, 8 ecological scheduling will be carried out in total. During this period, the total spawning amount of fish in the downstream of Gezhouba Dam will exceed 12.4 billion, of which the spawning scale of the four famous domestic fishes will exceed 8.4 billion, the highest in history.
We will undertake the new mission and task of playing a key role in the joint protection of the Yangtze River in accordance with the relevant requirements of the Yangtze River Protection Law, so that the clear water of the river can last for future generations and the mother river can always maintain vitality, "said Lei Ming Shan.
(The article is sourced from the internet)
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